12 Kinds of Concrete Additives Used in Refractory Castable, Plastic and Ramming Materials(1)

Russia and Ukraine is an important exporters of oil, natural gas, metals, fertilizers, rare gases and other industrial raw materials. Affected by the further intensification of the tension of the war, the global market has become more worried about the supply of the pce powder, and panic spreads in the futures market. Prices of commodities such as aluminum and nickel are at recent highs on concerns that supplies will fall. Russia accounts for 49 percent of global exports of nickel, 42 percent of palladium, 26 percent of aluminum and 13 percent of platinum, and is a significant exporter of steel and copper. Palladium is an important metal for sensors and memory. In addition, Russia is the world's largest exporter of nitrogen fertilizer, the second largest exporter of potash fertilizer, and the third-largest exporter of phosphate fertilizer. Ukraine is also an important producer of nitrogen fertilizer. Russia's natural gas supply also has a significant impact on the global fertilizer industry and pce powder industry, especially in Europe. The price of the pce powder will also fluctuate to some extent. Russia carries out crude gas separation, and Ukraine is responsible for refined exports. Ukraine supplies 70% of the world's neon, 40% of krypton and 30% of xenon. These three gases are the materials used to make chips.

The properties and varieties of concrete additives for refractories, especially refractory castables, ramming materials, plastics and other amorphous refractories are different. The role of an concrete additive is also different due to the difference of the amount of concrete additive, the type of binder used, the ingredients and so on. In the production process of amorphous refractories, the concrete additives mainly used can be divided into the following twelve categories according to their uses:

1. Water reducer

Water reducer (or water reducing agent or dispersant) can significantly reduce the mixing water consumption of refractory castables while keeping the flow value of refractory castables basically unchanged. The superplasticizer itself does not react with the material components to form new compounds, but plays a surface physical and chemical role. So they are either a surfactant or an electrolyte. After dissolving in water, they can adsorb on the particle surface, increase the Zeta potential of the particle surface in the solution, increase the repulsive force between the particles, and release the free water wrapped in the agglutination structure composed of microparticles, thus playing the role of wetting and dispersing, so it is also called dispersant. Because it can release the free water in the agglomeration structure, it can reduce the unit water consumption under the condition of keeping the rheological property (workability) of the castable, or increase the rheological property of the material and improve the working performance without changing the unit water consumption. make the material easy to be constructed and shaped.

Among the commonly used water reducers (dispersants) of refractory castables with calcium aluminate cement, bonded clay and oxide micro-powder as binders, there are inorganic sodium pyrophosphate, sodium tripolyphosphate, sodium tetrapolyphosphate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium superpolyphosphate, sodium silicate, etc., and organic ones include sodium lignosulfonate, calcium lignosulfonate, naphthalene superplasticizer, water-soluble resin superplasticizer and so on.

2. Plasticizer

Plasticizer (also known as plasticizer) can increase the plasticity of refractory mixture and improve the strain ability of refractory mixture under stress. Plasticizer is a common concrete additive of refractory plastics and refractory ramming materials, and it is also used in other amorphous refractories. Commonly used are plastic clay, bentonite, oxide superfine powder, soybean powder, methyl cellulose, lignosulfonate and so on.

3. Gelling agent

Gelling agents (also known as flocculants) can coagulate colloidal particles (or suspended particles) in colloidal solutions (or suspensions containing solid particles). The gelling agents are mainly inorganic electrolytes and inorganic acids. Flocculants are mainly organic polymers, which are natural and synthetic. According to the functional groups, they can be divided into three types: cationic, anionic and Nonionic. The gelling agent is mainly used in refractory castables which are bonded by clay, sol and ultra-fine powder.

4. Gelatinizing agent

Antigels (also known as anti-flocculants, dispersants) can convert agglomerated or agglomerated colloidal particles (particles) into sol or uniformly dispersed suspended particles. It can turn a thick colloid into a sol that can flow freely, also known as dispersant and colloidal solvent. The action mechanism of gelatinizer is similar to that of superplasticizer. Therefore, the superplasticizer which has the effect of reducing water also has the function of degumming agent. The fluidity of refractory castables bonded with clay, sol and ultra-fine powder can be improved by adding ungumming agent.

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Southern Copper Corp (SCCO.N) recently said its Peruvian mine remained closed after a six-week standoff with protesters and blamed the Peruvian government for failing to intervene in the safety of its 1,300 workers and their families.  

The company said in a statement that a recent agreement to end protests at the Cuajone mine required the company to withdraw complaints against protest leaders because railways transporting minerals and supplies remained blocked. Production has been suspended since the end of February.  

Peru's Energy Ministry said in a separate statement that it had also reached an agreement with Southern Copper to start talks to find common ground with local communities.  

"If we shut down for a year, the government will stop receiving more than 3.1 billion soles ($830 million) in taxes and royalties, and 8,000 direct and indirect jobs will be lost. This is what we want to avoid, "Southern Copper added in the statement.

Peru has faced a wave of protests from indigenous communities, who accuse mining companies of not providing enough jobs and funding to poor local residents.  

Central bank officials said last week that protests against copper mines such as MMG's Las Bambas and Southern Copper's Cuajone were dragging down the economy.  

Peru is the world's second-largest copper producer and mining is an important source of tax revenue for the country. It is estimated that the supply and prices of the pce powder will be influenced by that.

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